>>143156
>University of Guelph professor
wow, have not hear that word since anon did a dig on the ghelps and ghelphines which was the merchents vs the pope from 1099.
cannot find anything on it now on search engines.
had to put in different search title to find it. see link below.
https://www.papalartifacts.com/a-bull-from-the-papacy-of-pope-paschal-ii-1099-1118/
Pope Paschal II
Era: 1099-1118
Upon the death of Pope Urban II (who was declared Blessed in 1881) the monk known as Rainerius was elected within two weeks. Born into an obscure family, about which nothing is known, Rainerius had entered the monastery at Cluny at a very young age, where he remained until sent by the monastery on business to Rome. While there, he caught the eye of Pope Gregory VII who made him the Abbot of San Lorenzo Outside the Walls. Around 1078, he was made Cardinal Priest of San Clemente. During his own reign, Pope Urban II sent him as his legate to Spain.

He had clearly impressed those in high places.

Rainerius took the name, Paschal II. Seldom in the papacy was a candidate so ill matched for the conflicts he faced during his eighteen year papacy.

Among the disputes was the Investiture Controversy:

In centuries past, many secular rulers had donated lands to monasteries or bishoprics both for the good of their souls and to set the Christian Church on a sound financial footing. Many of these rulers had made a condition of the gift that they and their successors had the right to choose, or at least approve, who should be bishop or abbot of the institution whenever it fell vacant. Other rulers felt that they had a direct interest in who should be bishop or abbot in their realm as that person would be a major landholder able to wield considerable secular power. Kings were able to appoint or demote noblemen and many felt they had a right to act identically with regard to churchmen who held secular, as well as ecclesiastic, power. The reformers within the Church, however, abhorred this idea. Many bishops and abbots invested into office by secular rulers were pious and effective office holders, but others put the interests of their king above those of the Church. The reformers believed that only the Church should be able to invest churchmen in office. In particular, they believed that only the pope should be able to invest archbishops and bishops.